LBT 26 伊津

The same is true of species-specific behavior. The form of spinnerets with their glands does not give any clue to the type of web a spider wives. From the beaver’s anatomy we could not have guessed that he builds dams. The architecture of a birds nest is, in most instances, unrelated to the animal’s morphology. Thus, types of behavior which no one would hesitate to call essentially biologically given are not determined simply by the animal’s form.對物種特有的行為而言也是如此，蜘蛛吐絲器以及其腺體的形式對蛛網的類型
，並沒有留下任何線索。從水獺的解剖學來看，我們猜不到他會建築水堤。鳥巢的建築結構，在多數的情形下，與鳥類的型態無關。於是，雖然任何人都會毫不猶豫的認為行為的類型本質上是由生物基礎決定的，但是行為的類型並非僅取決於動物的形式。

The reverse is true also. Certain morphological distinctions may exist between species which do not correspond to clearly related behavioral differences. The outer ear in primates is an example (see Fig. 1.2). With the exception of some specialized ear forms of certain prosimians, the auricles of primates developed in a number of directions that have no obvious adaptive value (to the human observer) and no relevance to any of the behavioral characteristics that distinguish these species.
反之亦然，某些形態的區別可能存在於不同物種之間，而這些區別並沒有清楚的對應到行為上的不同。靈長類的外耳即為一例。(見圖1.2)除了某些原猴類，他們特化的耳朵形式是例外，靈長類的耳廓朝著許多方向發展，這沒有明顯的適應性價值(對人類觀察者而言)，而且與區別這些物種的任何行為特徵也毫無相關。

It is clear, therefore, that neither our conviction that tissues and behavior constitute an organismic unity because of their common developmental history nor the established fact that genetic changes and speciation always affect form as well as function makes it necessary to assume a correlation between specialized organs and species-specific behavior. There are many types of instinctive behavior which have no structural correlates; and there are many structural distinctions between species which have no behavioral correlates. Thus there is necessarily a historical but not necessarily a casual relationship between gross structure and over-all behavior pattern. This point is important because it emphasizes once more the difficulty, if not complete impossibility, of setting up common sense criteria for the distinction between innate and acquired types of behavior.
因此，很清楚的，我們的兩個確信：1.基於共同的發展史，組織和行為構成有機的整體；2.基因改變和物種形成總是同時影響形式與功能，都不會讓我們非得認定特化的習慣和物種特有的行為有相互關係。有很多種本能性的行為是找不到相關聯的結構；而許多物種之間結構上的區別也找不到相關聯的行為。因此，在粗略的結構與整體的行為模式之間，必然有個歷史的但未必是因果的關係。這一點很重要，因為對於建立一個常識性的標準來區別天生的和習得的行為種類而言，以上的觀點再次的強調其困難，即便不是完全不可能。