LB462T伊津

LB462T伊津
It comes about after reflexive body movements and entered man's consciousness, and after the association of perceptions with sounds. Language had not been adequatedly understood in the past, because it had been regarded solely as means of communication. It had been incorrectly assumed that man had images, thoughts and the additional ability to express these in terms of sounds. Images and thoughts were themselves based on language.在過去我們並未完全了解語言，認為語言只是用來溝通之工具。過去錯誤的觀念認為人類需要附加的能力，例如意像能力、想考能力等等才能夠用聲音表達。然而，意象與思想能力是以語言為基礎。“We see now…how everything man attains at a higher level than animal consciousness and intuitions, is gained by way of language…Language is self-awareness, that is, understanding oneself… as one is understood by another. One understand oneself: that is the beginning of language”[92].Steinthal’s work had a profound influence on the well-known internist and professor of medicine in Strasbourg, Adolf Kussmaul(1822-1902) who devoted the first fifteen chapters of his book ”On the Pathology of Language,” to define and describe languages as such. “Language may refer to the physical –mental act of the expression of thoughts, or to that which is expressed. To attempt the understanding of language as an act of expression, is the task of physiology and psychology. ”
「我們現在了解了….人類的直覺與意識之所以可以高於其他動物，是來自於語言….語言是自覺性的，也就是說，了解自己就像是一個人被其他人所了解一樣。一個人能夠了解自己的意義是：語言的起源(註解92)」

Steinthal的作品對Adolf Kussmaul的影響很大。Adolf Kussmaul是一個著名的內科醫師也是斯特拉斯堡(法國東北部城市)的一個醫學教授。其著作的前十五個章節都在談「語言的病理學」，他把語言定義為：「語言可視為身體和心理的表達思想行為，或者視為所表達出來的東西。」將語言了解成為一種表達，是心理學和生理學共同的議題。His description of the development of language in children is remarkably perceptive: Children are born with a sense of language, an irresistible drive to express themselves. The babbling of infants is a spontaneous reflex activity, as are the uncoordinated movements of their limbs. As the child grows, it begins to listen, to differentiate sounds and to imitate words.
他對於兒童的語言習得有很前瞻性的觀點：「兒童生下來便具有語感，不可抗拒的機制促使他們表達自我。嬰兒時期的兒語是自發性的反射動作，就如同他們雙腳搖搖晃晃的學習走路一樣。小孩長大後，便開始聆聽不同的語音並模仿發音。」
This is not a simple process, some words the child understands without imitating them, others it imitates without understanding their meaning. In general terms, language development shows a gradual replacement of “the natural language of the child”(babbling), by the traditional language of the nation. As this is accomplished, language is removed from the spontaneous sphere and comes under the rule of will and habits.
這並不是一個簡單的過程，有些字小孩子可以理解但並不模仿它們，有些字小孩子雖然不了解其語意卻會模仿其發音。大致上來說，語言的發展顯現出了自然的語言(兒語)漸漸的被國家的傳統語言取代。一但這個過程完成後，語言從自發性變成習慣性且表達思考的規則。

Full development of language is equivalent to expression of (conceptualized) thoughts. Once this as occurred, the child has acquired the ability to elaborate the object images connected with words into concepts [93].Language poses a difficult problem in that it develops “without consciousness or purpose, although (later) we speak consciously and purposefully.” This need not surprise us, for most neural and mental activity is predominantly unconscious.
完整的語言發展相當於概念化的思想表達。一但語言完整發展，小孩便有能力將指稱的東西與字和概念連結。語言存在一個問題，因為語言的發展是不自覺且無目的的，雖然我們後來在說話時是自覺的且有目的的。但是並不需要對這個感到驚訝，因為許多神經與心理活都都是不自覺下產生的。

Kussmaul thought that it would be premature to discuss language in purely physiological terms, as long as physiology was just beginning to decide on its experimental methods. It would be just as impossible to ascribe the complex function of language to simple speech center as to define a simple center of the soul [94]. 19Kussmaul’s work is remarkable for its psychological insight and its lucid elaborations on the nature of language and the problem it poses. He judged correctly the precocity of any physiological formulation and the futility of a simple hypothetical speech center where language could be localized.Kussmaul認為只從生理去探討語言是不成熟的思想，生理學只是用來決定實驗方法的開端。僅將語言的複雜功能定義為簡單的表達思想中心是不可能的。Kussmaul的著作對於心理學的看法，與語言的本質和其產生的問題皆有獨到的見解。他正確的判斷出任何生理學上的構想是不成熟的，而且把語言設想成侷限在一個假想的語言中心是徒然的。[92] Steinthal, Heyman, Einleitung in die Psychologie und Sprachwissenschaft. Duemmler, Berlin, 1871, pp.42, 82-85, 369-370, 385-86