19. What’s in CVC-like Thing? ……….Natural Language Processing Enabling machines to understand and respond to what people mean, so they can interact with a computer naturally – without having to adapt their behavior to a computer's limitations.
Resolving ambiguities in written and spoken language requires analyzing grammar, concepts, context, and human knowledge. For example:
"The company is ready to sell” is not easy for a computer to understand because the sentence is syntactically ambiguous – is the company opening for business, or does it want to be acquired?
Resolving this ambiguity requires understanding the context: is the sentence in the middle of an article on mergers and acquisitions? Or is the sentence followed by “Its shelves are stocked with all the hot products"? This succeeding sentence is helpful only if the computer understands that the possessive pronoun “its” refers to the company, and that “stocked” and “products” are more relevant to selling goods than to being acquired.
19.1
-Sound produced
-Physical construct
-Language and linguistic structure
19.1.1 Language as a formal system
-language and linguistic structure as” things
-set of sentence
19.1.2 Language as physical reality
-analogous to that of electrons in physics
-stream of speech
19.1.3language as a psychological reality
-mental code
-language process
(怡萱)
19.3.1 Experimental word games in English and Korean19.3.1 Experimental word games in English and Korean1. Forced-chioce version of the word-blending task:- English speakers: perferred onset-rime blends(e.g. SIEVE + FUZZ = SUZZ)- Korean speakers: perferred body-coda blends(e.g. THONG + SEM = THOM)2. Oral unit reduplication exercise:- English speakers: were better at the rime-copying task(Task #1: SAN-AN)- Korean speakers: were better at the body-copying task(Task #2: SA-SAN)19.3.2 Global sound-similarity judgments in English and Korean1. Global sound similarity judgments (SSJs):- Korean speakers: a shared initial CV that enhanced judged sound similarity ratings, while a shared fianl rime contributed no more to the similarity scores than a shared intial and final cosonant.- English speakers: the opposite to Korean speakers19.3.3 Concept formation in Korean1. Formation concept:- Korean speakers: a set of disyllabic words containing the common body sequence KA- as part of either syllable (KANG.CO / SIM.KAK) were significantly easier to identify a s a class than a set containing the common rime sequence -AK in either syllable (CAK.SIM / SIM.KAK).- English speakers: have not been tested yet19.3.4 A new list-recall task for non-literate participants:1.List recall task:- English participants: both readers and non-readers, were able to remember more names from the rime-sharing lists than from the body-sharing ones.- Korean participants: the readers and ono-readers performed in much the same way as English parcitipants.
(勝芬)
21. Experimental Methods in the ……..21.1 IntroductionPurposeTo provide answers about long consonants or geminates, using an experimental approach in the analysis of Hindi geminates.The specific topics in this chaptera) the duration of geminates and of the vowels preceding themb) long distance durational effectsc) the duration of geminates via-a-vis clusters and of the vowel preceding these.d)the syllabification of geminates and the issue of their integritye) the status of apparent geminates21.1.1 Some facts about geminates in Hindiinvolve the consonantal closuretwo separate consonantshave severe phonotactic restrictions.they occur only intervocalicallyalways preceded by the non-preipheral vowels, the short vowels21.2.2 Diachronic data on development of geminatesdue to cluster simplification in the development of Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) from Sanskirt.
(威鈴)
21.1 Introductionlong consonants=geminatesPurpose:provide answers about long consonants or geminates, using an experimental approach in the analysis of Hindi geminates.The specific topics of this paper:(a)the duration of geminates and of the vowels preceding them(b) long distance durational effects(c)the duration of geminates vis-a-vis clusters and of the vowel preceding these(d)the syllabification of geminates and the issue of their integrity(e)the status of "apparent"geminates21.1.1 Some facts about geminates in Hindi:1.geminates involve the consonantal closure held for a longer period 2.geminates are not two separate consonants3.geminates occur only intervocalically4.geminates are always preceded by short vowels21.1.2 Diachronic data on development of geminates (1) Examples of geminate formation in the history of Indo-AryanSanskrit bhakta meal, food > Pali/Prakrit bhattaSanskrit sapta seven > Pali/Prakrit sattaSanskrit dugha-milk > MLA duddha-
(宜珊)
22. Morphophonemics and the Lexicon..
22.1 introductionTry to find a way to explain the stem-final alternation in Turkish22.2 the problemSize (length) as a categorizerWedel: neighborhood density & alternation rateConclude: Wedel’s findings cannot be meaningfully evaluated for it’s done by statistics from a dictionary.(a single-speaker corpus is a better choice)22.3 methodology: TELL and a frequency corpus22.3.1 the Turkish electronic living lexicon (TELL)Maker: University of California, BerkeleyContent: 30,000 words (25,000 headwords, 5,000 place names)Voice producer: 63-year-old standard Istanbul Turkish speakerMorphological context:NOM. caseACC. case1. person predicativePossessive caseProfessional suffix22.3.2 stem-final alternations: a snapshot from TELL22.3.3 frequency corpusMaker: Kemal Oflazer, at Sabancı University in Istanbul, TurkeyContent: 12,000,000 words22.4 frequencyRhodes’ AE Flapping and Bybee’s coronal deletionGradient alternation and semi-regularFindingsIn velar deletion: more frequent, more alternationIn voicing: less frequent, more alternation22.5 neighborhood density22.5.1 neighborhood density with a single-speaker corpus22.5.2 frequency-weighted neighborhood density22.6 cohorts22.7 etymology22.8 conclusions
(晟維)
23. How Do Listeners Compensate ……
How do listeners compensate for phonology? Eurie Shin23.1 IntroductionWords vs intended formsHow do listeners plan acoustic realizationsTwo approaches-different predictionPhonological-inference accountFeature-parsing accountCross-modal repetition priming study by Gaskell & Marslen-Wilson (1996)Gow (2002) –assimilation creates lexical ambiguityBase of feature-parsing accountGoal of the studyExamine whether listeners can cope with complete assimilationUnderlying homorganic consonant sequences as stimuliThree experiments of the study1) VCCV sequences generated by cross-splicing2) non-words of the form (C)VCCV(C)3) pseudo-compounds consisting of 2 non-words of the form (C)(V)(C)(C)VC#CVC23.2 Experiment I23.2.1 Methods7 repetitions of the original stimuli in 5 different vowel environmentsWaveform editing techniquesTaskDetermine whether the stimulus be transcribed as indicatedNon-parametrical tests23.2.2 ResultListeners accept homorganic clustersNo significant differences between coronal and velar coda responses23.2.3 DiscussionPurpose of the experimentResults-no evidence in favor of the phonological-inference accountAnother possibilityStimuli did not sound like real wordsDifference between coronal and labial coda optionsSummaryFeature-parsing account predict the resultsTentative interpretation
(Aleksandra)
Part Five: Ch 23.3~6 How do Listeners Compensate for Phonology?
Part Five: Ch 23.3~6 How do Listeners Compensate for Phonology?
23.3 Experiment 2
23.3.1 Methods
Use monomorphemic non-words in (C)VCCV(V)
A linguistically naïve female native Korean speaker recorded the stimuli
310 different items occurred twice
Ten Korean native speakers as listeners
23.3.2. Results
Listeners show high rates of correct response(96.8%) to the fillers.
23.3.3 Discussion
Goal
Whether listeners can infer the underlying forms
From phonetic homorganic clusters in non-words
Interesting result
Velar stimuli
Both /s.k/ and /p.k/ assimilate to [k.k] in natural speech
Main factors of lowering YES response
Frequency of labial-to-velar assimilation
Coronal-to-noncornoal assimilation
23.4 Experiment 3
23.4.1 Methods
Stimuli is pseudo-compounds consisting of two words
Listeners were provided transcription options
Ten Korean native speakers
23.4.2. Results
Rate of YES is 96.3%
Subject understood the task
23.4.3 Discussion
Purpose
Test the expectation
If listeners identified the initial morpheme in a new compound
Response
Higher than the previous ones
23.5 General Discussion
Subject are
preferred homorganic clusters as underlying forms
preferred coronal as targets of assimilation
Response pattern in Experiment 2 &3
Support the phonological-inference account
Listeners did not recover legal heterorganic clusters as underlying form
Result of Experiment 3
Show listeners reply more on phonological inference.
23.6 Conclusion
Goal
To test whether listeners use their phonological knowledge to infer original forms in speech recognition
Result suggest
Phonological inference is a part of the speech recognition process
(惠珍)
2008年6月26日 星期四
2008年6月24日 星期二
CH 15
15.1
1. F0 plays an important role in conveying linguistic, paralinguistic, and non-linguistic information
2. Deriving a fullu quantitative represnetation of continuous F0 contours of speech is difficult
(1) Numbers of parameters
(2) Relationship between local accent/tone and global phrase intonation
(3) Mathematical representation
3.
(1)Model/rule-based approaches
(2)Data-driven approaches
(a)Explicit representation of only local components
(b) Both global and local components
4. Examples of those approaches
(1) early work by Pierre Humbert(1980)
(2) Intonation module for Mandarin in the Bell Labs TTS systems
(3) PENTA
(4) IPO model
(5) Soft Template Mark-UP Languages
(6) CART
(7) HMM
(8) Quantitative Models
1. F0 plays an important role in conveying linguistic, paralinguistic, and non-linguistic information
2. Deriving a fullu quantitative represnetation of continuous F0 contours of speech is difficult
(1) Numbers of parameters
(2) Relationship between local accent/tone and global phrase intonation
(3) Mathematical representation
3.
(1)Model/rule-based approaches
(2)Data-driven approaches
(a)Explicit representation of only local components
(b) Both global and local components
4. Examples of those approaches
(1) early work by Pierre Humbert(1980)
(2) Intonation module for Mandarin in the Bell Labs TTS systems
(3) PENTA
(4) IPO model
(5) Soft Template Mark-UP Languages
(6) CART
(7) HMM
(8) Quantitative Models
8.2
8.2.1
1. The real numbers of V & C
UPSID Database: 920 phonemes/systems with five vowels and 22 consonants
2. Trubetzkoy(1931)
3. Valle'e(1994)
4. Meillet and Cohen(1924) & Greeberg(1963)
5. Geographical tendencies rather than genetic ones
8.2.2 Vowels
1. UPSIP: 38 plain vowel qualities & secondary features
2. Strong preference for 5vowels
3. /i a u/, /i e a o u/,
4. schwa
(1)transparency rules
(2) parallel vowels & intrinsic principles
5. /i/ /a/ /u/ are systematically used except for
(1) dialectal Arabic Vs
(2) Australian Indigenous
(3) Anatolian Indo-European languages
6. Predictions should be based on
(1)Perceptual differentiation
(2) Perceptual representation spaces based on a hierarchy of features
1. The real numbers of V & C
UPSID Database: 920 phonemes/systems with five vowels and 22 consonants
2. Trubetzkoy(1931)
3. Valle'e(1994)
4. Meillet and Cohen(1924) & Greeberg(1963)
5. Geographical tendencies rather than genetic ones
8.2.2 Vowels
1. UPSIP: 38 plain vowel qualities & secondary features
2. Strong preference for 5vowels
3. /i a u/, /i e a o u/,
4. schwa
(1)transparency rules
(2) parallel vowels & intrinsic principles
5. /i/ /a/ /u/ are systematically used except for
(1) dialectal Arabic Vs
(2) Australian Indigenous
(3) Anatolian Indo-European languages
6. Predictions should be based on
(1)Perceptual differentiation
(2) Perceptual representation spaces based on a hierarchy of features
2008年6月12日 星期四
選擇性不語症 多半為焦慮引發
選擇性不語症 多半為焦慮引發
更新日期:2008/05/27 04:09
選擇性不語症屬於廣義精神症狀的一種，大人小孩都可能罹患，多半是對情境陌生感或焦慮引發，或受到某些重大刺激導致，小孩罹患機率居多。
選擇性不語症兒童會隨年紀增長與智力發展，不說話情形會逐漸改善，但屆時幾乎已過了最重要的學習階段，語文發音及人際關係困擾很難彌補，一般建議儘早尋求專業精神科醫師、心理師或諮商師介入輔導。
選擇性不語症的孩子不講話對象可能是老師、同學，也可能是自己親人。
精神科醫師蔣榮欽表示，不講話不一定是罹患選擇性不語症（也可能是自閉傾向），需經專業鑑定才能判別，輔導選擇性不語症孩童需以心理治療為主，設法建立孩子自信、並取得孩子信任。
醫界也嘗試研究藥物治療可能，但著重在降低小孩焦慮程度、減輕其畏懼心情，讓他們有比較自在的感覺。
（記者王榮祥）
http://tw.news.yahoo.com/article/url/d/a/080527/78/100j3.html
更新日期:2008/05/27 04:09
選擇性不語症屬於廣義精神症狀的一種，大人小孩都可能罹患，多半是對情境陌生感或焦慮引發，或受到某些重大刺激導致，小孩罹患機率居多。
選擇性不語症兒童會隨年紀增長與智力發展，不說話情形會逐漸改善，但屆時幾乎已過了最重要的學習階段，語文發音及人際關係困擾很難彌補，一般建議儘早尋求專業精神科醫師、心理師或諮商師介入輔導。
選擇性不語症的孩子不講話對象可能是老師、同學，也可能是自己親人。
精神科醫師蔣榮欽表示，不講話不一定是罹患選擇性不語症（也可能是自閉傾向），需經專業鑑定才能判別，輔導選擇性不語症孩童需以心理治療為主，設法建立孩子自信、並取得孩子信任。
醫界也嘗試研究藥物治療可能，但著重在降低小孩焦慮程度、減輕其畏懼心情，讓他們有比較自在的感覺。
（記者王榮祥）
http://tw.news.yahoo.com/article/url/d/a/080527/78/100j3.html
淺談兒童語言治療
淺談兒童語言治療
更新日期:2007/09/26 12:50 周琪霏／整理報導
一般兒童發音不標準的情形，稱為『構音/音韻異常』，造成異常的原因：
1.) 機能性構音/音韻異常：指器官上的構造及運用，都找不出任何缺陷，但是，就是發音不標準。
2.) 構音器官結構上的問題，如：舌繫帶、唇顎裂、嚴重咬和不正。
3.) 構音器官神經肌肉控制的問題，如腦性麻痺、口腔動作協調差。
4.) 感覺異常，如：聽力障礙、口腔靈敏度差。
5.) 智能問題，如：發展遲緩、智能障礙。
天主教聖功醫院復健科 王鳳妃語言治療師建議在幼兒3-4歲以前，構音器官的發展尚未完全成熟，語言純熟度不夠，常會出現發音不標準的情形，但隨著年齡的增長，語言發展愈來愈成熟，構音/音韻異常的情形就會自行改善，因此，孩子到了四歲後仍然有發音不標準的情形，則需要接受語言治療師的評估與治療。
所謂『舌根』，學理上稱為『舌繫帶』，而幼兒舌繫帶是否太緊，只要觀察幼兒伸舌頭時，舌頭中線是否呈現凹陷，也就是舌頭伸出來的時候是否呈現M型，這樣就是舌繫帶太緊，或是引導幼兒做舌頭運動，看舌尖是否能碰觸上下唇，也順便觀察舌頭的活動情形。一般而言，舌繫帶通常不是造成幼兒構音/音韻異常的主要因素，可以請復健科醫師、耳鼻喉科醫師或語言治療師評估確認，以免讓孩子白挨一刀。
構音/音韻異常的幼兒，接受語言治療最適當的時機，為年齡4-6歲，最好在孩子上小學一年級前完全矯正，才不會造成孩子的自卑心理或影響其人際互動。單純的機能性構音/音韻異常，只要家長與幼兒能配合，在專業的語言治療師指導下，成效通常不錯，大部分的幼兒在接受語言治療後，半年至一年內口齒清晰度會有明顯的改善，甚至可以完全發出正確的語音，若家長對孩子的發音仍然有疑問或不放心，建議找語言治療師評估是最好的方法。
資料來源：http://www.uho.com.tw/hotnews.asp?aid=3629
http://tw.news.yahoo.com/article/url/d/a/070926/61/l6iy.html
更新日期:2007/09/26 12:50 周琪霏／整理報導
一般兒童發音不標準的情形，稱為『構音/音韻異常』，造成異常的原因：
1.) 機能性構音/音韻異常：指器官上的構造及運用，都找不出任何缺陷，但是，就是發音不標準。
2.) 構音器官結構上的問題，如：舌繫帶、唇顎裂、嚴重咬和不正。
3.) 構音器官神經肌肉控制的問題，如腦性麻痺、口腔動作協調差。
4.) 感覺異常，如：聽力障礙、口腔靈敏度差。
5.) 智能問題，如：發展遲緩、智能障礙。
天主教聖功醫院復健科 王鳳妃語言治療師建議在幼兒3-4歲以前，構音器官的發展尚未完全成熟，語言純熟度不夠，常會出現發音不標準的情形，但隨著年齡的增長，語言發展愈來愈成熟，構音/音韻異常的情形就會自行改善，因此，孩子到了四歲後仍然有發音不標準的情形，則需要接受語言治療師的評估與治療。
所謂『舌根』，學理上稱為『舌繫帶』，而幼兒舌繫帶是否太緊，只要觀察幼兒伸舌頭時，舌頭中線是否呈現凹陷，也就是舌頭伸出來的時候是否呈現M型，這樣就是舌繫帶太緊，或是引導幼兒做舌頭運動，看舌尖是否能碰觸上下唇，也順便觀察舌頭的活動情形。一般而言，舌繫帶通常不是造成幼兒構音/音韻異常的主要因素，可以請復健科醫師、耳鼻喉科醫師或語言治療師評估確認，以免讓孩子白挨一刀。
構音/音韻異常的幼兒，接受語言治療最適當的時機，為年齡4-6歲，最好在孩子上小學一年級前完全矯正，才不會造成孩子的自卑心理或影響其人際互動。單純的機能性構音/音韻異常，只要家長與幼兒能配合，在專業的語言治療師指導下，成效通常不錯，大部分的幼兒在接受語言治療後，半年至一年內口齒清晰度會有明顯的改善，甚至可以完全發出正確的語音，若家長對孩子的發音仍然有疑問或不放心，建議找語言治療師評估是最好的方法。
資料來源：http://www.uho.com.tw/hotnews.asp?aid=3629
http://tw.news.yahoo.com/article/url/d/a/070926/61/l6iy.html
Ch. 15
Physiological and Physical Base of the Command-Response Model for Genereating Fundamental Frequency Contours in Tone Languages
15.1
Fundamental frequency(F0): linguistic, paralinguistic, and non-linguistics information
Difficulties in deriving representation of continuous F0 contours
Parallel Encoding and Target Approximation Model(Xu)
Hierarchical approcach---IPO model ('t Hart and Cohen)
Hierarchical approach---soft Template Mark-up Language(Kochanski and Shih)
Data-driven approaches
Physiological and physical mechanisms for F0 controls
Physiological and physical properties of vocal folds and laryngeal structure
Positive and negative local components to express tones
15.1
Fundamental frequency(F0): linguistic, paralinguistic, and non-linguistics information
Difficulties in deriving representation of continuous F0 contours
Parallel Encoding and Target Approximation Model(Xu)
Hierarchical approcach---IPO model ('t Hart and Cohen)
Hierarchical approach---soft Template Mark-up Language(Kochanski and Shih)
Data-driven approaches
Physiological and physical mechanisms for F0 controls
Physiological and physical properties of vocal folds and laryngeal structure
Positive and negative local components to express tones
Ch.12 A Perceptual Bridge Between Coronal an Dorsal /r/
12.1
Why would [r]change into [R] (or vice versa)
How does sound change begin?
Perception affects place of articulation
Purpose---examine the perceptual preconditions for reinterpretation of place of articulation.
Establish an articulatory-acoustic reference system
Evaluate the articulatory -aoustic relationships
Synthesize an /r/ continuum
Why would [r]change into [R] (or vice versa)
How does sound change begin?
Perception affects place of articulation
Purpose---examine the perceptual preconditions for reinterpretation of place of articulation.
Establish an articulatory-acoustic reference system
Evaluate the articulatory -aoustic relationships
Synthesize an /r/ continuum
Experimental Phonology---Ch. 8
Linking Dispersion-Focalization Theory and the Maximum Utilization of the Available Distinctive Features Principle in a Perception-for-Action-Control Theory
8.1 introduction
Liljencrants and Lindblom---Dispersion Theory
Steven---Quantal Theory
How the emergence of such ofrmal systems could be shaped?
Links between subtance and form
John Ohala---Maximum Utilization of the Available Features
Contents of this chapter
Facts about Vs and Cs
Focalization Theory
Action Control Theory
8.2
Systems
UPSID Database
Trubetzkoy
Greenberg
Certain features are associated with certain geographical areas
Languages exhibit geographical tendencies rather than genetic ones
Facts about Vowels and Consonants
8.1 introduction
Liljencrants and Lindblom---Dispersion Theory
Steven---Quantal Theory
How the emergence of such ofrmal systems could be shaped?
Links between subtance and form
John Ohala---Maximum Utilization of the Available Features
Contents of this chapter
Facts about Vs and Cs
Focalization Theory
Action Control Theory
8.2
Systems
UPSID Database
Trubetzkoy
Greenberg
Certain features are associated with certain geographical areas
Languages exhibit geographical tendencies rather than genetic ones
Facts about Vowels and Consonants
台灣鹿港方言的一些語音特點
台灣鹿港方言的一些語音特點
樋口 靖
1. 台灣閩南語包含泉州、漳州兩系統
2. 以泉州腔為主
3. 台澎方言為泉州腔與漳州腔之混合，接近廈門音系。
4. 鹿港化保留完整泉州腔。
5. 鹿港方言之語音系統
6. 鹿港方言與泉州方言之比較
7. 台南(漳州腔)、鹿港(泉州腔)、台北(廈門音)之比較
樋口 靖
1. 台灣閩南語包含泉州、漳州兩系統
2. 以泉州腔為主
3. 台澎方言為泉州腔與漳州腔之混合，接近廈門音系。
4. 鹿港化保留完整泉州腔。
5. 鹿港方言之語音系統
6. 鹿港方言與泉州方言之比較
7. 台南(漳州腔)、鹿港(泉州腔)、台北(廈門音)之比較
reference: <現代台灣話研究論文集>文鶴出版有限公司
Phonetically Based
更改位置1
http://www.ling.fju.edu.tw/phono/distributions.html
(加入新學派: Phonetically Based Phonology (2004))
更改位置2
建立Phonetically Based Phonology (2004)連結至以下內容:
--------------------------------------------------
Theory
The central difference between PBP and classical OT is the source of the constraint set. Whereas Prince & Smolensky (1993) assumed that all constraints are universal and innate, PBP subscribes to neither of those assumptions. In contrast, it is assumed that the constraints are derived by speakers or learners on the basis of the available evidence, and of implicit phonetic knowledge, “the speakers’ partial understanding of the physical conditions under which speech is produced and perceived” (Hayes and Steriade, p. 1). This knowledge is potentially universal — every human being can have access to it. But it is not (necessarily) completely innate. Although none of the articles is very explicit on this, and the term acquisition is regrettably absent from the index, it is assumed that “Universal Grammar (UG) [is] primarily [. . . ] a set of abstract analytical predispositions that allow learners to induce grammars from the raw facts of speech” (cf. Hayes, 1999)….
Reference: http://www.vanoostendorp.nl/pdf/phoneticallydriven.pdf
Scholars
Bruce P. Hayes
Robert Kirchner
Donca Steriade
Reference
http://www.vanoostendorp.nl/pdf/phoneticallydriven.pdf
http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/PBP/index.htm
http://www-lfg.stanford.edu/bresnan/fot-final.pdf.
http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/linguist/issues/16/16-1400.html
http://www.ling.fju.edu.tw/phono/distributions.html
(加入新學派: Phonetically Based Phonology (2004))
更改位置2
建立Phonetically Based Phonology (2004)連結至以下內容:
--------------------------------------------------
Theory
The central difference between PBP and classical OT is the source of the constraint set. Whereas Prince & Smolensky (1993) assumed that all constraints are universal and innate, PBP subscribes to neither of those assumptions. In contrast, it is assumed that the constraints are derived by speakers or learners on the basis of the available evidence, and of implicit phonetic knowledge, “the speakers’ partial understanding of the physical conditions under which speech is produced and perceived” (Hayes and Steriade, p. 1). This knowledge is potentially universal — every human being can have access to it. But it is not (necessarily) completely innate. Although none of the articles is very explicit on this, and the term acquisition is regrettably absent from the index, it is assumed that “Universal Grammar (UG) [is] primarily [. . . ] a set of abstract analytical predispositions that allow learners to induce grammars from the raw facts of speech” (cf. Hayes, 1999)….
Reference: http://www.vanoostendorp.nl/pdf/phoneticallydriven.pdf
Scholars
Bruce P. Hayes
Robert Kirchner
Donca Steriade
Reference
http://www.vanoostendorp.nl/pdf/phoneticallydriven.pdf
http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/PBP/index.htm
http://www-lfg.stanford.edu/bresnan/fot-final.pdf.
http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/linguist/issues/16/16-1400.html
Discourse Phonology
更改位置:
http://www.ling.fju.edu.tw/phono/discourse.htm
(從此頁標題links底下改成以下內容 )
------------------------------------------------------------
· Links
1. Dr. Richard Cauldwell-His research interests center on the prosodic and syntactic description of spontaneous speech, and exploiting the features of spontaneous speech for teaching pronunciation and listening.
http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/rcauldwell/
2. 學習障礙資訊站-about learning disability
http://www.dale.nhctc.edu.tw/ald/no17-7.htm
3. Centre for Language and Communication in the Cardiff University
http://www.cf.ac.uk/encap/sections/lac/postgrad/modules.html 4. Computational Phonology:A Constraint-Based Approach
5. Studies in Constraint-based Phonology
6. An aspect of dialectal variations in Korean phonology: a constraint-based analysis (PDF)
· References
Bolinger, D.1986. Intonation and Its Uses: Melody in Spoken English. Stanford, CA: Sanford Uni. Press.
Crystal, D. 1969. Prosodic Systems and Intonation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni. Press.
Elizabeth Mills. 1984. Senoufo Phonology, Discourse to Syllable. Summer Inst of Linguistics Publisher.
Gibbon, D. & Richter, H., Eds. 1984. Intonation, Accent and Rhythm: Studies in Discourse Phonology. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Pike, K.L. 1965. The Intonation of American English. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Ruth Margaret Brend. 1985. From Phonology to Discourse. Summer Inst of Linguistics Publisher.
Tench, P. 1988. The Roles on Intonation in English Discourse. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Waugh, L.R. & Van Schooneveld, C.H., Eds. The Melody of Language. Baltimore: University Park Press.
http://www.ling.fju.edu.tw/phono/discourse.htm
(從此頁標題links底下改成以下內容 )
------------------------------------------------------------
· Links
1. Dr. Richard Cauldwell-His research interests center on the prosodic and syntactic description of spontaneous speech, and exploiting the features of spontaneous speech for teaching pronunciation and listening.
http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/rcauldwell/
2. 學習障礙資訊站-about learning disability
http://www.dale.nhctc.edu.tw/ald/no17-7.htm
3. Centre for Language and Communication in the Cardiff University
http://www.cf.ac.uk/encap/sections/lac/postgrad/modules.html 4. Computational Phonology:A Constraint-Based Approach
5. Studies in Constraint-based Phonology
6. An aspect of dialectal variations in Korean phonology: a constraint-based analysis (PDF)
· References
Bolinger, D.1986. Intonation and Its Uses: Melody in Spoken English. Stanford, CA: Sanford Uni. Press.
Crystal, D. 1969. Prosodic Systems and Intonation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni. Press.
Elizabeth Mills. 1984. Senoufo Phonology, Discourse to Syllable. Summer Inst of Linguistics Publisher.
Gibbon, D. & Richter, H., Eds. 1984. Intonation, Accent and Rhythm: Studies in Discourse Phonology. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Pike, K.L. 1965. The Intonation of American English. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Ruth Margaret Brend. 1985. From Phonology to Discourse. Summer Inst of Linguistics Publisher.
Tench, P. 1988. The Roles on Intonation in English Discourse. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Waugh, L.R. & Van Schooneveld, C.H., Eds. The Melody of Language. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Constraint Based Phonology
更改位置:
http://www.ling.fju.edu.tw/phono/constraint.htm
(整頁改寫)
---------------------------------------------------
Constraint Based Phonology
1. Representative-- Steven Bird’s Homepage
http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/~sb/
2. Theory--
Unlike the traditional model of grammatical organization, here the different linguistic modules operate in parallel to provide a pool of constraints which independently ensure the phonological, syntactic and semantic well formedness of an utterance. In the traditional view, there is just the one hierarchy, with phonological units such as distinctive features at the bottom, morphemes and words in the middle reaches, and phrases and sentences towards the top. The associated processing model is serial: recognition involves a phonological component, which passes its output to the morphological or syntactic component, and so on.
We wonder how the conception of constraint is used in phonology? First, a constraint is an empirical generalization about a collection of objects. Second, constraints interact to mutually restrict a solution space. Finally, the order of application of constraints is immaterial to the end result.
Constraints are familiar to phonologists in the form of morpheme structure constraints and surface structure constraints. The latter are essentially statements about the distribution of phonological primes. A constraint-based phonological analysis is to be evaluated along the same dimensions of empirical and explanatory adequacy as standard generative analyses. In philosophy, artificial intelligence and cognitive science, it has often been found useful to distinguish between intension and extension (or description and object). The distinction between descriptions and objects introduces a degree of flexibility into linguistic notation that is unavailable without this distinction. For example, it is possible for different descriptions to denote the same object (e.g. ‘morning star’/ ‘evening star’), while some descriptions are satisfied by no objects (e.g. ‘unicorn’). Also, it is possible for the description ‘morning star’ to be interpreted in various ways； it might denote the planet Venus, a brand of dishwashing detergent, or – most relevant here – a particular speech event. If we incorporate the distinction into phonology, we get a fundamentally different view of the relationship between phonology and phonetics from the traditional view. Phonological representations are descriptions of real-world utterances (the objects).
A further consequence of adopting the description/object distinction is that there can be no rule ordering. Rules are just descriptions. Although a rule might be stated in the form of a rewrite rule a → b, this rule is interpreted as a logical implication, equivalent to the expression ﹁ a Ú b. this contrasts with the standard interpretation of these rules, evident from rules like [+voice] →[-voice], where the objects satisfying the description on the left side of the arrow are modified (minimally) so that they now satisfy the description on the right side of the arrow instead.
A phonological rule such as homorganic nasal assimilation describes the set of all forms which are compatible with the rule.. Thus, rules act as constraints.
Morpheme structure constraints, which state regularities about certain classes of morpheme, fit naturally into this model. For example, the vowel harmony in Yoruba is restricted to nouns, and so the required constraint on vowel sequences might be formulated as a property of the noun type in the lexicon.
The advent of generative phonology , with its highly procedural model of phonology, drew attention away from constraints. Properties of surface forms were not to be expressed directly but arose out of the combined action of lexical specifications, morpheme structure rules and derivations. No rule could be said to act like a constraint, since the effect of the rule could always be undone by later rules. Although this view has survived to the present intact, it has also been challenged right from the start.
Complaints about the abstractness of generative analyses led to new models which retained the earlier notions about constraints. For example, Shibatani (1973) advocated ‘surface phonetic constraints’, which ‘state possible and impossible combinations of phonetic features at the phonetic level, i.e. represent true generalizations about the phonetic pattern of a language’. To illustrate Shibatani’s approach, we shall consider his analysis of Turkish vowel harmony. Shibatani views vowel harmony as ‘cooccurrence restrictions on vowel features in successive syllables’. Alternating vowels are expressed as archiphonemes (i.e. sets of vowels )in the lexicon, and the selection of the appropriate vowel is done automatically by the surface phonetic constraint for harmony.
The Turkish word kizlar ‘girls’ is represented morphophonemically as /kiz + lEr/ , where /E/ = {/e/ , /a/ }. The stem vowel is fully specified because it does not alternate, while the suffix vowel is not fully specified. The surface value of the suffix vowel is determined by the above mentioned rule which instantiates /E/ as /a/. If no other constraints reject the phonetic form [kizlar] then this is the allowed form.
3. Related Websites:
Steven Bird’s publication
http://morph.ldc.upenn.edu/sb/home/publications.html
HCRC Project: Computational Phonology: A Constraint-Based Approach
http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/Site/COMPPHON.html
Abstract - Prosodic Morphology and Constraint-based Phonology
http://www.iccs.informatics.ed.ac.uk/publications/RP/1990/EUCCS-RP-1990-1.html
Abstract - Association as Dominance in a Constraint-Based Phonology
http://www.iccs.informatics.ed.ac.uk/publications/RP/1990/EUCCS-RP-1990-6.html
Constraint-based phonology
http://www.ling.yale.edu/ling165/Intro_Phonology/OT.html
Computational Phonology:A Constraint-Based Approach
Studies in Constraint-based Phonology
An aspect of dialectal variations in Korean phonology: a constraint-based analysis(PDF)
SFB-Project on Lexical Phonology and Constraint-based Phonology
http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/sfb282/C10/index.htm
http://www.ling.fju.edu.tw/phono/constraint.htm
(整頁改寫)
---------------------------------------------------
Constraint Based Phonology
1. Representative-- Steven Bird’s Homepage
http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/~sb/
2. Theory--
Unlike the traditional model of grammatical organization, here the different linguistic modules operate in parallel to provide a pool of constraints which independently ensure the phonological, syntactic and semantic well formedness of an utterance. In the traditional view, there is just the one hierarchy, with phonological units such as distinctive features at the bottom, morphemes and words in the middle reaches, and phrases and sentences towards the top. The associated processing model is serial: recognition involves a phonological component, which passes its output to the morphological or syntactic component, and so on.
We wonder how the conception of constraint is used in phonology? First, a constraint is an empirical generalization about a collection of objects. Second, constraints interact to mutually restrict a solution space. Finally, the order of application of constraints is immaterial to the end result.
Constraints are familiar to phonologists in the form of morpheme structure constraints and surface structure constraints. The latter are essentially statements about the distribution of phonological primes. A constraint-based phonological analysis is to be evaluated along the same dimensions of empirical and explanatory adequacy as standard generative analyses. In philosophy, artificial intelligence and cognitive science, it has often been found useful to distinguish between intension and extension (or description and object). The distinction between descriptions and objects introduces a degree of flexibility into linguistic notation that is unavailable without this distinction. For example, it is possible for different descriptions to denote the same object (e.g. ‘morning star’/ ‘evening star’), while some descriptions are satisfied by no objects (e.g. ‘unicorn’). Also, it is possible for the description ‘morning star’ to be interpreted in various ways； it might denote the planet Venus, a brand of dishwashing detergent, or – most relevant here – a particular speech event. If we incorporate the distinction into phonology, we get a fundamentally different view of the relationship between phonology and phonetics from the traditional view. Phonological representations are descriptions of real-world utterances (the objects).
A further consequence of adopting the description/object distinction is that there can be no rule ordering. Rules are just descriptions. Although a rule might be stated in the form of a rewrite rule a → b, this rule is interpreted as a logical implication, equivalent to the expression ﹁ a Ú b. this contrasts with the standard interpretation of these rules, evident from rules like [+voice] →[-voice], where the objects satisfying the description on the left side of the arrow are modified (minimally) so that they now satisfy the description on the right side of the arrow instead.
A phonological rule such as homorganic nasal assimilation describes the set of all forms which are compatible with the rule.. Thus, rules act as constraints.
Morpheme structure constraints, which state regularities about certain classes of morpheme, fit naturally into this model. For example, the vowel harmony in Yoruba is restricted to nouns, and so the required constraint on vowel sequences might be formulated as a property of the noun type in the lexicon.
The advent of generative phonology , with its highly procedural model of phonology, drew attention away from constraints. Properties of surface forms were not to be expressed directly but arose out of the combined action of lexical specifications, morpheme structure rules and derivations. No rule could be said to act like a constraint, since the effect of the rule could always be undone by later rules. Although this view has survived to the present intact, it has also been challenged right from the start.
Complaints about the abstractness of generative analyses led to new models which retained the earlier notions about constraints. For example, Shibatani (1973) advocated ‘surface phonetic constraints’, which ‘state possible and impossible combinations of phonetic features at the phonetic level, i.e. represent true generalizations about the phonetic pattern of a language’. To illustrate Shibatani’s approach, we shall consider his analysis of Turkish vowel harmony. Shibatani views vowel harmony as ‘cooccurrence restrictions on vowel features in successive syllables’. Alternating vowels are expressed as archiphonemes (i.e. sets of vowels )in the lexicon, and the selection of the appropriate vowel is done automatically by the surface phonetic constraint for harmony.
The Turkish word kizlar ‘girls’ is represented morphophonemically as /kiz + lEr/ , where /E/ = {/e/ , /a/ }. The stem vowel is fully specified because it does not alternate, while the suffix vowel is not fully specified. The surface value of the suffix vowel is determined by the above mentioned rule which instantiates /E/ as /a/. If no other constraints reject the phonetic form [kizlar] then this is the allowed form.
3. Related Websites:
Steven Bird’s publication
http://morph.ldc.upenn.edu/sb/home/publications.html
HCRC Project: Computational Phonology: A Constraint-Based Approach
http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/Site/COMPPHON.html
Abstract - Prosodic Morphology and Constraint-based Phonology
http://www.iccs.informatics.ed.ac.uk/publications/RP/1990/EUCCS-RP-1990-1.html
Abstract - Association as Dominance in a Constraint-Based Phonology
http://www.iccs.informatics.ed.ac.uk/publications/RP/1990/EUCCS-RP-1990-6.html
Constraint-based phonology
http://www.ling.yale.edu/ling165/Intro_Phonology/OT.html
Computational Phonology:A Constraint-Based Approach
Studies in Constraint-based Phonology
An aspect of dialectal variations in Korean phonology: a constraint-based analysis(PDF)
SFB-Project on Lexical Phonology and Constraint-based Phonology
http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/sfb282/C10/index.htm
American Structuralist Phonology
更改位置: http://www.ling.fju.edu.tw/phono/eva/AMERICAN20STRUCTURALIST/website.htm
(整頁改寫)
--------------------------------------------------
1. Edward Sapir
http://emuseum.mnsu.edu/information/biography/pqrst/sapir_edward.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sapir
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/anthropology/about/main/one/sapir.html
http://www.bartleby.com/people/Sapir-Ed.html
http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-sapir
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12629
2. Franz Boas
http://emuseum.mnsu.edu/information/biography/abcde/boas_franz.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Boas
http://astro.temple.edu/~ruby/ruby/boas.html
http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/b/boas.htm
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/anthropology/about/main/one/boas.html
http://www.nndb.com/people/861/000097570/
3. Leonard Bloomfield
http://cognet.mit.edu/MITECS/Entry/langendoen
http://www.xrefer.com/entry/441234
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9015721/Leonard-Bloomfield
http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!87125!0&term=#focus
4. Levels in American Structuralist phonology
http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/~jcoleman/rules.htm
5. Characterizations of American Structuralism
http://www.fleric.org/forum/archiver/?tid-368.html
(整頁改寫)
--------------------------------------------------
1. Edward Sapir
http://emuseum.mnsu.edu/information/biography/pqrst/sapir_edward.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sapir
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/anthropology/about/main/one/sapir.html
http://www.bartleby.com/people/Sapir-Ed.html
http://www.answers.com/topic/edward-sapir
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12629
2. Franz Boas
http://emuseum.mnsu.edu/information/biography/abcde/boas_franz.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Boas
http://astro.temple.edu/~ruby/ruby/boas.html
http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/b/boas.htm
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/anthropology/about/main/one/boas.html
http://www.nndb.com/people/861/000097570/
3. Leonard Bloomfield
http://cognet.mit.edu/MITECS/Entry/langendoen
http://www.xrefer.com/entry/441234
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9015721/Leonard-Bloomfield
http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!87125!0&term=#focus
4. Levels in American Structuralist phonology
http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/~jcoleman/rules.htm
5. Characterizations of American Structuralism
http://www.fleric.org/forum/archiver/?tid-368.html
2008年6月5日 星期四
Useful Links of Phonology
Questia-The Online Library of Books and Journals
The World's Largest Online Library of BooksQuestia is the first online library that provides 24/7 access to the world's largest online collection of books and journal articles in the humanities and social sciences, plus magazine and newspaper articles. You can search each and every word of all of the books and journal articles in the collection. You can read every title cover to cover. This rich, scholarly content -- selected by professional collection development librarians -- is not available elsewhere on the Internet. Undergraduate, high school, graduate students, and Internet users of all ages have found Questia to be an invaluable online resource. Anyone doing research or just interested in topics that touch on the humanities and social sciences will find titles of interest in Questia.
To complement the library, Questia offers a range of search, note-taking, and writing tools. These tools help students locate the most relevant information on their topics quickly, quote and cite correctly, and create properly formatted footnotes and bibliographies automatically. Questia provides a comprehensive research environment to meet students' academic needs.
The World's Largest Online Library of BooksQuestia is the first online library that provides 24/7 access to the world's largest online collection of books and journal articles in the humanities and social sciences, plus magazine and newspaper articles. You can search each and every word of all of the books and journal articles in the collection. You can read every title cover to cover. This rich, scholarly content -- selected by professional collection development librarians -- is not available elsewhere on the Internet. Undergraduate, high school, graduate students, and Internet users of all ages have found Questia to be an invaluable online resource. Anyone doing research or just interested in topics that touch on the humanities and social sciences will find titles of interest in Questia.
To complement the library, Questia offers a range of search, note-taking, and writing tools. These tools help students locate the most relevant information on their topics quickly, quote and cite correctly, and create properly formatted footnotes and bibliographies automatically. Questia provides a comprehensive research environment to meet students' academic needs.
Constraint Based Phonology
Unlike the traditional model of grammatical organization, here the different linguistic modules operate in parallel to provide a pool of constraints which independently ensure the phonological, syntactic and semantic well formedness of an utterance. In the traditional view, there is just the one hierarchy, with phonological units such as distinctive features at the bottom, morphemes and words in the middle reaches, and phrases and sentences towards the top. The associated processing model is serial: recognition involves a phonological component, which passes its output to the morphological or syntactic component, and so on.
We wonder how the conception of constraint is used in phonology? First, a constraint is an empirical generalization about a collection of objects. Second, constraints interact to mutually restrict a solution space. Finally, the order of application of constraints is immaterial to the end result.
Computational Phonology:A Constraint-Based Approach
Studies in Constraint-based Phonology
An aspect of dialectal variations in Korean phonology: a constraint-based analysis (PDF)
We wonder how the conception of constraint is used in phonology? First, a constraint is an empirical generalization about a collection of objects. Second, constraints interact to mutually restrict a solution space. Finally, the order of application of constraints is immaterial to the end result.
Computational Phonology:A Constraint-Based Approach
Studies in Constraint-based Phonology
An aspect of dialectal variations in Korean phonology: a constraint-based analysis (PDF)
Étienne-Jules Marey
1. Étienne-Jules Marey (March 5, 1830 – May 21, 1904)
2. French scientist and chronophotographer, born in Beaune, France.
cardiology, physical instrumentation, aviation, cinematography and the science of labor photography.
3. Instruments for precise measurements
4. Sphygmographe to measure the pulse
5. chronophotography in the 1880s
6. Le Vol des Oiseaux (“The Flight of Birds”)
7. Marey's chronophotographic gun(in 1882)
8. Cats landing
9. Human locomotion
10. Falling ball
11. Smoke trails
-smoke machine with 58 smoke trails
-first aerodynamic wind tunnels
2. French scientist and chronophotographer, born in Beaune, France.
cardiology, physical instrumentation, aviation, cinematography and the science of labor photography.
3. Instruments for precise measurements
4. Sphygmographe to measure the pulse
5. chronophotography in the 1880s
6. Le Vol des Oiseaux (“The Flight of Birds”)
7. Marey's chronophotographic gun(in 1882)
8. Cats landing
9. Human locomotion
10. Falling ball
11. Smoke trails
-smoke machine with 58 smoke trails
-first aerodynamic wind tunnels
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