8.2

8.2.1
1. The real numbers of V & C
UPSID Database: 920 phonemes/systems with five vowels and 22 consonants
2. Trubetzkoy(1931)
3. Valle'e(1994)
4. Meillet and Cohen(1924) & Greeberg(1963)
5. Geographical tendencies rather than genetic ones

8.2.2 Vowels

1. UPSIP: 38 plain vowel qualities & secondary features
2. Strong preference for 5vowels
3. /i a u/, /i e a o u/,
4. schwa
(1)transparency rules
(2) parallel vowels & intrinsic principles
5. /i/ /a/ /u/ are systematically used except for
(1) dialectal Arabic Vs
(2) Australian Indigenous
(3) Anatolian Indo-European languages
6. Predictions should be based on
(1)Perceptual differentiation
(2) Perceptual representation spaces based on a hierarchy of features